Social Media at Ibm and a Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte

IT InfrastructureSession 01 Social Media at IBM IBM has been aggressively using social media to tie its far-flung and huge workforce together and, without a doubt, also with a mind towards selling these technologies as part of its service offering. IBM’s Beehive Social Network is a glimpse of how social networks might be used and received in the future. It is an Internet-based social networking site that gives IBM staff a â€Å"rich connection to the people they work with,† both professionally and personally.Using it, employees can make new connections, track current friends and co-workers, and renew contact with people they have worked with in the past. In the first nine months of use, over 35,000 registered IBM employees created over 280,000 social network connections to each other, posted more than 150,000 comments, shared more than 43,000 photos, created about 15,000 ‘Hive5s,’ and hosted more than 2,000 events. Beehive seems to be succeeding â€Å"to h elp IBM employees meet the challenge of building the relationships vital to working in large, distributed enterprises. †Ref: IBM Watson Research Center (2008) â€Å"Project: Beehive†, available at http://domain. watson. ibm. com/cambridgeresearch. nsf/0/8b6d4cd68f, last accessed 28 Feb 2013. A Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte Social media technologies are making fast inroads into organisations. In the context of knowledge intensive work the propositions of improving communication, information sharing and user involvement seem particularly promising. However, the role and impact of social technologies in enterprises in general, and knowledge work in particular, are still not well understood, despite emerging scholarly works in this field.Our case investigates emerging communicative work practices on the Enterprise Social Networking platform Yammer within Deloitte Australia. We uncover a set of emerging practices enabled by the platform within the case company and reflect on our results in the context of the knowledge-intensive nature of professional service work. We find that Yammer in the case company has become 1) an information-sharing channel, 2) a space for crowd-sourcing ideas, 3) a place for finding expertise and solving problems, and most importantly 4) a conversation medium for context and relationship building.Ref: Riemer, K, Scifleet, P & Reddig, R (2012), â€Å"Powercrowd: Enterprise Social Networking in Professional Service Work: A Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte Australia†, available at http://hdl. handle. net/2123/8352, last accessed 28 Feb 2013. 1. What aspects of social media technologies do the above case studies illustrate? †¢ Information sharing †¢ Communication †¢ Joint problem sharing †¢ Discussion forums †¢ Networking †¢ Events management †¢ Generation of ideas/innovation 2. What other examples of the use of social media technologies for corporate communication are you aware of? Face book for marketing, discussion boards, event notification †¢ Dropbox for document sharing, joint authorship †¢ Google docs for document sharing, joint authorship †¢ Google talk, Skype for voice and video communications †¢ Linkedin for networking, profile, job seeking, employ seeking, outsourcing †¢ Share-point for document sharing, discussion board, joint authorship 3. To what extent can / should an IT Infrastructure Manager control the extent and mode of use of social media technologies? Can / Should Control Use |Cannot / Should Not Control Use | |Control access to some social media, such as personal email |Access to information | |accounts that deliberately bypass corporate mail pathways |Use of personal communication devices, especially for personal | |Access to and storage of certain type of content (pornography,|communication | |racial, anti-social) |Downloading of apps to non-corporate devices | |Privacy of corporate data – identifying realms of privacy: |Communication outside of work hours | |confidential, internally confidential, public, potentially |External threats – hacking, invasion, blocking, loss of | |public |external security | |Censorship of inappropriate non-professional communication – | | |through policies & governance | | 4. What are some implications of these developments in the use of social media technologies for the management of existing corporate IT infrastructures? †¢ The company needs to choice between hard censorship approach, or open communication sharing approach Need to provide training and education for staff to understanding guidelines and penalties †¢ Need protection against external threats by between fire-walls and software management †¢ Need a communication policy framework that covers all aspects of information communication, storage, access and use within the company †¢ Need to have staff sign communication agreements, based on these policies and comp letion of training and education †¢ Want a better understanding of what social media are used in the company, how they are currently used and how they may be used 5. Are social media technologies really any different from the technology used in existing corporate IT infrastructures? Social Media Technologies ARE Different |Social Media Technologies AREN’T Different | |Global scope of communication and exposure |Underlying motivations are similar | |Policies of social media providers |Underlying mechanisms and technology are the same | |Motivation of social media – recognition, networking, |Accessibility is the same | |crowd-sourcing, accessibility, to make money |Company needs to manage different levels of access and rights | |Relative to the existing infrastructure of the organisation |to publish company information | |Higher functionality has a different purpose | | |Based on equity of access and right to publish | | Social Media at Ibm and a Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte IT InfrastructureSession 01 Social Media at IBM IBM has been aggressively using social media to tie its far-flung and huge workforce together and, without a doubt, also with a mind towards selling these technologies as part of its service offering. IBM’s Beehive Social Network is a glimpse of how social networks might be used and received in the future. It is an Internet-based social networking site that gives IBM staff a â€Å"rich connection to the people they work with,† both professionally and personally.Using it, employees can make new connections, track current friends and co-workers, and renew contact with people they have worked with in the past. In the first nine months of use, over 35,000 registered IBM employees created over 280,000 social network connections to each other, posted more than 150,000 comments, shared more than 43,000 photos, created about 15,000 ‘Hive5s,’ and hosted more than 2,000 events. Beehive seems to be succeeding â€Å"to h elp IBM employees meet the challenge of building the relationships vital to working in large, distributed enterprises. †Ref: IBM Watson Research Center (2008) â€Å"Project: Beehive†, available at http://domain. watson. ibm. com/cambridgeresearch. nsf/0/8b6d4cd68f, last accessed 28 Feb 2013. A Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte Social media technologies are making fast inroads into organisations. In the context of knowledge intensive work the propositions of improving communication, information sharing and user involvement seem particularly promising. However, the role and impact of social technologies in enterprises in general, and knowledge work in particular, are still not well understood, despite emerging scholarly works in this field.Our case investigates emerging communicative work practices on the Enterprise Social Networking platform Yammer within Deloitte Australia. We uncover a set of emerging practices enabled by the platform within the case company and reflect on our results in the context of the knowledge-intensive nature of professional service work. We find that Yammer in the case company has become 1) an information-sharing channel, 2) a space for crowd-sourcing ideas, 3) a place for finding expertise and solving problems, and most importantly 4) a conversation medium for context and relationship building.Ref: Riemer, K, Scifleet, P & Reddig, R (2012), â€Å"Powercrowd: Enterprise Social Networking in Professional Service Work: A Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte Australia†, available at http://hdl. handle. net/2123/8352, last accessed 28 Feb 2013. 1. What aspects of social media technologies do the above case studies illustrate? †¢ Information sharing †¢ Communication †¢ Joint problem sharing †¢ Discussion forums †¢ Networking †¢ Events management †¢ Generation of ideas/innovation 2. What other examples of the use of social media technologies for corporate communication are you aware of? Face book for marketing, discussion boards, event notification †¢ Dropbox for document sharing, joint authorship †¢ Google docs for document sharing, joint authorship †¢ Google talk, Skype for voice and video communications †¢ Linkedin for networking, profile, job seeking, employ seeking, outsourcing †¢ Share-point for document sharing, discussion board, joint authorship 3. To what extent can / should an IT Infrastructure Manager control the extent and mode of use of social media technologies? Can / Should Control Use |Cannot / Should Not Control Use | |Control access to some social media, such as personal email |Access to information | |accounts that deliberately bypass corporate mail pathways |Use of personal communication devices, especially for personal | |Access to and storage of certain type of content (pornography,|communication | |racial, anti-social) |Downloading of apps to non-corporate devices | |Privacy of corporate data – identifying realms of privacy: |Communication outside of work hours | |confidential, internally confidential, public, potentially |External threats – hacking, invasion, blocking, loss of | |public |external security | |Censorship of inappropriate non-professional communication – | | |through policies & governance | | 4. What are some implications of these developments in the use of social media technologies for the management of existing corporate IT infrastructures? †¢ The company needs to choice between hard censorship approach, or open communication sharing approach Need to provide training and education for staff to understanding guidelines and penalties †¢ Need protection against external threats by between fire-walls and software management †¢ Need a communication policy framework that covers all aspects of information communication, storage, access and use within the company †¢ Need to have staff sign communication agreements, based on these policies and comp letion of training and education †¢ Want a better understanding of what social media are used in the company, how they are currently used and how they may be used 5. Are social media technologies really any different from the technology used in existing corporate IT infrastructures? Social Media Technologies ARE Different |Social Media Technologies AREN’T Different | |Global scope of communication and exposure |Underlying motivations are similar | |Policies of social media providers |Underlying mechanisms and technology are the same | |Motivation of social media – recognition, networking, |Accessibility is the same | |crowd-sourcing, accessibility, to make money |Company needs to manage different levels of access and rights | |Relative to the existing infrastructure of the organisation |to publish company information | |Higher functionality has a different purpose | | |Based on equity of access and right to publish | |

Legal Imperatives for Affordable Housing Delivery in Nigeria Essay

Shelter or housing is one of the most basic of human needs; it ranked second only to food in the hierarchy of human needs. [1] It is fundamental to human survival and an essential component in the advancement of the quality of life of the citizenry. [2] Housing provides shelter for man in order for him to actualize his real potentials in life and contributes to the growth of the world economy. 3] The provision of housing is therefore sine qua non to the growth of man and development of the nation. Effective housing delivery involves many actors and segments of the state apparatus, including the building materials sector, financial sector, real estate sector, energy and infrastructural development sectors and the environmental planning sector amongst others; it therefore requires effective partnership, collaboration and information sharing among different sectors of the economy. To fulfill the need for affordable housing in Nigeria, a multi-faceted approach that transcends the legal, social, economics, religious and cultural interfaces and traits must be put in place at any given time. The task of this paper is to examine the legal initiatives required to facilitate the delivery of affordable housing units to the generality of Nigerians irrespective of class, race or gender. This is with a view at pointing out the inhibitors to smooth housing delivery and proffering practical and workable solution to the identified problems. To achieve this end the paper examines the concept of housing within the legal and statutory framework; it forays into the provisions of the Land Use Act, Planning Laws, Title Registration Laws, Property Tax Legislations and Infrastructural Laws amongst others; and submits that there is need for review of most of these legislations before any meaningful progress can be made in the provision of affordable housing to Nigerians. Concept of Housing. Quoting from the provisions of the new national housing policy document; [4] ‘Housing is defined as the process of providing safe, comfortable, attractive, functional affordable and identifiable shelter in a proper setting within a neighbourhood, supported by continuous maintenance of the built environment for the daily living activities of individuals/families within the community while reflecting their socio-economic, cultural aspirations and preferences. From this definition, housing is not only a shelter, but includes safety of the neighborhood; comfortable and functional dwelling, supported by continuous maintenance of the environment and planning; all reflecting the socio-economic, cultural aspirations and preferences of members of the society. Thus, the legal initiatives for the delivery of housing as conceptualized above requires not only the legal parameters concerning land, but extends to town planning laws, Tenancy and Rent control law, property tax law, energy law, water law, environmental law, compulsory acquisition and compensation laws amongst others. Each of these laws is now treated seriatim as hereunder. Land law. Land is to housing as what a woman is to a pregnancy. The conception, gestation and delivery of housing can only come to fruition with the availability of secured land and proper land management. Land midwifes housing delivery in myriad of ways; Land is the superstructure on which the dreams and aspirations of provision of housing is founded. [5] Land supports the production and delivery of housing through the provision of the much needed finance for its construction. As one of the main factors of production, land provides capital formation and collateral for bank advances towards the construction of the much needed- houses. It is thus obvious that the dream of a vibrant, efficient and effective mortgage system (financial reforms) will remain a mirage in the absence of a viable and reliable land management system. [6] The land management policy of a State also impacts directly on the output and supply of some of the basic raw materials in the construction industry including housing. 7] Such materials as sand, gravel, granite, laterite and even cement are subject to the extant land use management policy of the state. Thus, the Land use policy and management of the State has a direct impact and consequences not only on the quantum and quality of the State housing stock, but also fundamentally on the economic wellbeing of the citizen and the state, particularly in developing countries where there is heavy reliance on land and its resources for sustenance. 8] The question of who owns the land, what tenure operates over the land, security of tenure, compensation for compulsory acquisition of property rights are fundamental questions of enquiry in this exercise. Given the foregoing scenario, an examination of the current law regulating the use and management of land cannot but be a prerequisite to the successive delivery of housing units. The current law on the subject is principally the Land Use Act; others are Registration Laws, Registration of Title Laws etc. To ensure an efficient and effective housing delivery, there is a fundamental need for a secured land title and security of tenure; for where there is no security of title and tenure the development of mortgage system and formal land market will be adversely affected, to the detriment of the growth of the housing sector. The land Use Act, as presently constituted does not seem to provide the necessary secured tenure to fast track the delivery of the expected houses. The Land Use Act, founded on hybrid recommendation,[9] undulates between land nationalization and the protection of private property rights. 10] Its wavering posture has given rise to multiple interpretations as to its policy thrust and directives. Questions arise as to what is the quantum of interest obtainable under the Act,[11] are there equal property rights in every citizen under the Act,[12] what is the proprietary value of the Certificate of Occupancy issued under the Act,[13]how secured is private property rights under the Act in view of the Governor’s power of revocation[14] and paltry compensation payable thereon? 15] How much protection does the Act offer potential mortgagees in the creation, perfection and realization of the mortgage transactions? [16] How far the Land Use Act has addressed the problems of land speculation, land grabbing and incessant land dispute and urban slum? [17] Apart from these, the over concentration of power of land management in an individual rather than institution; the dichotomy in land rights and land administration under the Act and the ouster of courts’ jurisdiction in the determination of dispute and compensation issues are areas of concerns. These and many others are impediments to successful delivery of housing as such state of policy confusion and legal inconsistency only breeds fear, distrust and doubts in the heart of would be investors and property developers alike. The Land Use Act should be amended to address these contentious issues bedeviling the smooth delivery of adequate and affordable housing to the masses. For once, the Act should take a categorical stance on who owns the land; state or individual? To many this may seem obvious,[18] but not when one realizes that while the tenure of some citizen is finite and determinable,[19] others are infinite;[20] whilst some pay taxes and rents on their land, others do not. [21] The Act should declare state ownership of land so that the transition provisions of more than 35years old in the Act[22] can be extinguished and laid to rest and occupiers can be compensated for the revocation of their rights over bare land in as much as they paid to obtain the land from the state. With such categorical posture the issue of inequality in land rights as presently obtainable under the Act will become a thing of the past; every citizen will now have equal determinable interest in land. With state ownership of land, the proprietary value of Certificate of Occupancy is enhanced since it will now become a land title document instead of the current position as document evidencing title to land. 23] Still on the Act, the provision relating to consent requirement[24] should be removed with respect to mortgages in order to streamline the laborious process of mortgage creation, perfection and realization under the Act. Presently a mortgagee must ensure that there is Governor’s consent to any mortgage transaction and must also obtain the Governor’s consent when exercising its power of sale under the mortgage deed, otherwise the transaction is void. 25] Also, the provision excluding the mortgagee from the definition of a holder/occupier[26] for the purpose of payment of compensation should be reviewed to facilitate the enforcement and realization of the mortgage transactions. With the amendment in place, the primary mortgage institutions (PMIs) will be able to take the full benefit of the loan window provided for in the National Housing Fund Act[27] to secure their investment with a block of mortgages over the properties being developed. Aside the amendment of the Act to accommodate smooth mortgage transactions, the Act should also provide explicit procedure for revocation of right of occupancy, such as pre-revocation notices, filing of objections and access to the courts for adjudication on quantum of compensation payable upon revocation. The present situation whereby one only reads about revocation in the newspapers; and whereat it is done with military fiat, falls short of international best practices obtainable in more civilized climes. 28] To avoid conflict between State grant and a grant made by the local government, the reviewed Act should abolish the dichotomy e xisting between the State and local government over land administration in the State. This will ensure a uniform source of authority and streamline land administration in the state thus fostering land management reliability and efficiency, all geared towards boosting investor’s confidence in the system and seamless production and delivery of ho using units. Mortgage law Mortgage transaction is a species of secured credit transaction that provides investment funds for business enterprises. With respect to housing, the term means a transaction in which a mortgage, deed of trust, purchase money security interest arising under an installment sales contract, or equivalent consensual security interest is created or retained against the consumer’s dwelling to finance the acquisition or initial construction of such dwelling. [29] It is the bedrock and the superstructure for housing finance. Its functionality is exhibited when it is appreciated that it gives assurance for the repayment of the loan advanced for the construction of houses. Statutorily, the primary mortgage institutions (PMIs) established under the law[30] are required to secure the loans obtained from the federal mortgage banks/national housing funds with a first legal mortgage over the block of properties funded by the loan. In the same vein, individuals are expected to execute a first legal mortgage over the property financed by the funds sourced from the PMIs. Mortgage is so fundamental to mass and social housing developments to the extent that without it housing development will suffer from dearth of block of funds and will have to rely on individual savings and financial support from friends and relatives. But what is the state of our law on mortgages? With few exceptions, our law on mortgages is still founded on the received English laws of the 19th century; which has been discarded in England almost a century ago. Our law on the subject does not reflect the realities of our time. We still convey in fee simple or tail when such proprietary interest does not exist in our statute books. Our mortgage enforcement procedures are still tangled in the webs of the common law and archaic statutory provisions. The rights of the mortgagee to freely realize his investment is hampered by our laws[31] and courts. [32] There is the need to review our laws on the subject of mortgage. The Property and Conveyancing Act[33] needs repealing and a new law on mortgages to reflect the current trend in the area to fast-track mortgage transactions be promulgated. The new law should reflect the quantum of proprietary interest available under our law, streamline the process for the enforcement of mortgagees’ powers of sale and foreclosures and do away with the need for a re-conveyance deed in mortgages amongst others. The right of the mortgagor to create successive legal mortgagees over the same property; be protected from negative amortization clauses and collateral mortgage contracts should be explored under the new law. The new law should harmonize the provisions of existing legislations in the areas and harness them to achieve the goal of providing robust financial base to for social housing. The provisions of the Land Use Act, Registration of Title Laws, National Housing Fund Act, Pension Act, Federal Mortgage Bank Act, Nigeria Social Insurance Trust Fund Act, Primary Mortgages Institution Act and other laws relating thereto should be examined in this wise. The provisions of the Property and Conveyancing Law,[34] the current law on Mortgages in UK and the Lagos State Mortgage and Property Law[35] are also recommended as templates for the review of the old Act. Land Registration Law. Land registration can be best described as a species of machinery for assisting a purchaser or mortgagee in his inquiries as to his vendor’s or mortgagor’s title previously to completing his dealing, and for securing his own position afterwards. [36] Documentation and registration of all dealings and transactions involving land is at the heart of ensuring record keeping, facilitating land searches, tracing and priority in land transactions, which go a long way at establishing certainty, predictability and efficiency in land transactions including mortgages. A vibrant storage and retrieval land information system enhances transparency in land dealings and is immeasurable as a factor aiding speedy settlement of land disputes. A good land registration system is therefore core to efficient land administration and consequently the delivery of housing in a state. Currently in Nigeria, it is the prerogative of the state to determine, design and operate its own land information recording system. This is as a result of the constitutional arrangement which empowers the states to legislate on the subject atter. [37] The current regime has given rise to multiplicity of laws and diverse administrative procedures in the process of storing and retrieving land information system in the country to the detriment of investors, mortgagees and real estate developers alike. A times the requirements for land registrations/title registration varies from state to state not because laws are different but simply on issue of practice and procedures to be adopted including charges/levies imposed on the parties. 38] In the time past there used to be a uniform land information recording and retrieval system in the country; the Land Instrument Registration Act[39] 1924 which later became state laws[40] with the coming into effect of the 1954 federal constitution. The law is still extant in most of the states of the federation, but the practice has remained diverse. There is therefore a need to streamline the practice and procedure for recording and registration of land dealings and evolve a uniform system that will not only breed seamless land registration process but also boost investors’ confidence in the process. Towards this end, the existing mechanisms and procedure for regularization and registration must be reoriented and reorganized to achieve greater effectiveness, reliability and economy. Since market efficiency depends very much on the availability of reliable information that can be used to check genuineness of titles before purchase and to trace records of land transfers at any point in time, efforts should be geared towards making registration compulsory for all land dealing. Government should compel the conversion of all existing titles on land to a certificate of occupancy within a stipulated time. Such policy would foster the development of a uniform land title in the system, which in turn would engender certainty, reliability and security of land title deeds. [41] Such scheme will also obviate the need to keep dual land title documents over a piece of land[42] and thus stem the tide of land frauds that are rampant in our urban centres.

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Electronic Marketing - Essay Example The evolution of the internet has redefined marketing, dividing the area into that which is done online and the other, the traditional. How the internet revolutionized marketing can be seen by looking at the history of the internet. As the internet was being developed, growing number of communities had become interested and with the number of scientists getting involved in the development of the internet, with the increase in attendance in their meetings, working groups were created. As the number of groups became interested with the internet with the growth of the commercial sector, broad user communities have become included plus an increase in commercial activity. The internet today is not limited to email and file sharing; it now supports audio and video streams (Baker, T. n.d; Leiner, et. Al Dec 2006). The internet started just for the simple purpose of providing faster and better long-distance communication and file transferring for the military. This objective necessitated the need to develop networked computers and continuous development of its structure resulting in further development of its functions and networking capacity. It is this functional and capacity development that furthered the development itself attracting more and more users, interested and involved groups. The result is a "chicken-and-egg" pattern between development and the number of users. This continuous increase in the number of users and the continuous development of the internet made internet into an ideal setting for faster and wider market reach. It is also the evolution of the internet and its resultant user population increase that paved the way to the birth of a virtual community which spawned new products, new market, new market places, new commercial systems and thus, e-commerce and online marketi ng (Baker, T. n.d; Leiner, et. Al Dec 2006). Online marketing is distinguished from the traditional form in terms of the setting where products are marketed (Internet 2006). It refers to the process of advertising products in the internet. Ways of online marketing are similar to that of the traditional form except that the former is done using electronic versions (Geld 2003), that is, the printed brochures and flyers become electronic brochures and flyers, which could then be easily distributed using emails, forums, file sharing and link sharing. The online version of word-of-mouth involves the promotion in community-based websites such as forums, chat rooms, peer-to-peer sharing, link promotion and blogging. As said earlier, the rise of the internet has also spawned new marketing strategies. If the traditional marketing methods have companies pay advertising companies to place ads in different places, online marketing has its own version. Advertisers are paid by the companies to market their products, bringing forward new online-specific marketing strategies like paid-to-click, paid-to-read emails, spamming, traffic exchanges, link exchanges, content-making, file-sharing and online classifieds. The method in which transactions are made have also changed with the existence of online facilitators such as Paypal, Ebay, Amazon, all of which connecting the buyer and the seller through structured systems (Internet, 2006). Depending on the product, distribution can be made online or offline. Electronic products such as ebooks, music and

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Political economy midterm - Essay Example The basic classes of ontology available include upper ontology, process ontology, domain ontology, and interface ontology. Ontology focuses on status of reality, which can either be dependent or independent. Independent reality implies that reality does not depend on human interpretation2. Human beings have their own ways through which they interpret various aspects affecting their lives; when their interpretation of life does not determine the definition of reality, philosophers refer to that type of reality as independent reality. Dependent reality, on the other hand, implies that the meaning of reality depends on how human beings interpret the state of being. In this case, human beings are the determinants of how reality is interpreted. Positivism, as a philosophy of science, posits that the exclusive source of knowledge constitutes information derived from logical and mathematical studies plus the reports of sensory experience. According to the positivists, exclusive knowledge must be based verified data derived from empirical evidence. Empirical evidence refers to facts derived from scientific research as opposed to hearsay. Schroeder and Chester contend that positivists believe that the society operates according to general laws, just like the physical world3. Positivism subscribes to the belief that the study of the social world is similar to the study of the natural world. The natural world actually exists and its study depends on clearly observable features. Positivists believe that it is possible to understand the casual mechanisms characterizing the political economy just as it is done in physical sciences (Horwitz and Koppl 32)4. The primary objective of positivism science is to discover the universality of the aspects under investigation. For example, if positivists want to understand causes of poor economic performance, they focus on the

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Operating system new and old one - Essay Example Indeed, the evolution of OS correlates with the growth in IT and computer needs. Examples of old operation system include Admiral Operating system for Honeywell 800/1800, Atlas I Supervisor that introduced system calls and virtual storage for the first computer. We also have the SCOPE operating systems developed in the 1960s that enabled batch processing and the MACE operating system for sharing time. The Michigan Terminal System (MTS) and MUSIC/SP are also examples of old OS developed for early computers like IBM. However, the complexity of new hardware and application programs led to the development of new OS. Indeed, the old OS lacked important features that are present in new OS such as the capacity to run third-party applications and multiple applications at once. Examples of new OS include Microsoft Windows, Android, IBM z/OS, Mac OS X, iOS, and Linux (Computer Hope 1). Most new OS adopt a touchscreen input design since it applies to portable devices. Notably, Microsoft Windows is the most dominant OS used in PCs, IBM, and smartphones (Computer Hope 1). The Apple Mac OS applies only in Apple computer operating system and on Macintosh computers while Android OS is applicable in all Android compatible phones (Computer Hope 1). Moreover, Linux is a new OS applicable in PC and IBM compatible computers while iOS operates with the Apple iPhone (Computer Hope 1). Notably, the choice of an OS depends on the hardware though all operating systems offer a graphical user interface that entails a des ktop and the capacity to manage files and folders. The early OS embraced diversity where technicians produced multiple OS to apply in a specific mainframe computer. However, the old OS had different command models, operating protocols, and operating tools. The development of new computers and hardware resulted to the introduction of new OS where the technicians adjusted, retested, and restructured the applications to accommodate the new OS. The new OS

Marxist Econ Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marxist Econ Analysis - Essay Example Money and commodity are considered as value forms or means by which a value may exist and this is quite analogous to pointing out that the value placed on money is equal to the value placed on commodity once the money is utilized to purchase the commodity. In the process, money translates itself to commodity in value so despite the absence of literal transformation, the metaphor with value works to convert money as one form of value to commodity as another. This is basically why Marx finds it conducive to begin with commodities as groundwork for discourse on capital. If commodity runs out of value, the making of capital, which also depends on the projected output, would be insignificant. To Marx, in the building of an identity as a capitalist, one works under circumstances of trade in which a capital initially bears no potential but is gradually generated as long as negotiating equivalents involving commodities takes place. (2) What is the distinction that Marx makes between use-valu e, exchange-value, and value? On exchange-value, Marx claims that â€Å"exchange-value appears to be something accidental and purely relative, and consequently an intrinsic value.† Marx additionally points out that there emerges â€Å"contradiction in terms† attached to the exchange-value where exchange-value is expected to be similar with commodities of interest though it functions in another domain. In other words, while exchange-value may be expressed through a specific commodity, its evaluation cannot be based solely on objects of trade common to it. As such, during exchange, a value of a set of goods or service may reflect the value of a different set of goods or service and the commonality in the reflection of their worth only works in processes bounded by the exchange or trade in occurrence. On the other hand, use-value is basically perceived as the value of something that is found in its use. Eventually, Marx provides the corresponding definition stating that à ¢â‚¬Å"The utility of a thing makes it a use-value† where he adds â€Å"Being limited by the physical properties of the commodity, it has no existence apart from that commodity.† So, use-values would only materialize when the product undergoes consumption or utilization so that its value is identified via utility or certain characteristics for which it is taken advantage of. Through Marx’s labour theory of value, an economic value is â€Å"inherent in objects; remains constant despite changing demand, the passage of time, and other factors; and can be ‘objectively determined’ by calculations based upon some fundamental scientific principle.† However it takes effect, as long as it is intrinsically built on commodity, value would keep its essence whether it shrinks or expands in magnitude. It turns out that value is ‘what something means to someone’ in simple terms and the meaning of a commodity on the basis of its known economic sig nificance or social relevance serves as its value. (3) Is value an inherent property of all things produced in every mode of production? In other words, does value exist in non-commodity producing economies? For Marx, the ‘

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You Decide Activity - Assignment Example This would be effectively done by increasing lending rates to commercial banks. This will in turn serve to reduce the money supply in the public. Once people have money, they can invest moderately and in addition create job opportunities. In addition, the governments should also sell treasury bills in order to decrease money supply in the economy. Another very effective monetary policy is use of the credit multiplier (Taylor, 2007). When the reserve ratio is increased, there will be less availability of money for credit hence the supply of money will be under control. Adjusting rates of interest is of great significance in controlling an increase in the gross domestic product of the economy. Inflation significantly devalues a country’s currency because goods will be highly priced. The problem of inflation can be avoided by stabilizing the dollar. Taxation is also an alternative approach to controlling inflation (Carbaugh, 2011). If the money supply is very high in the economy, taxation should be increased to control the supply of money in the market. Increased market operation is another that will control the supply of money hence assisting the country regain an economic balance (Taylor, 2007). At times controlled economic recessions are good as they cure the problem of inflation. One measure that would help completely deal with the current economic problem would be to stimulate the economy especially through lower tax rates. Producers will be motivated to produce more and as a result restore the economy. In addition, the government should try to increase its public expenditure without at first considering the budget deficit. Commercial banks should be motivated to create more funds for

Will fax it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Will fax it - Essay Example The success of the company can be explained by the extremely high quality of the products offered, the continuous evaluation and restructuring of the customers’ support which enforce the creation of a friendly and effective support available on a continuous basis to the company’s customers. The perspectives for the company in the future seem to be positive. The company has managed to obtain a significant share of the global telecommunications market and to control the development of its competitors through the continuous research of the trends and the requirements of the telecommunications industry. In order to evaluate Vodafone’s financial performance particularly regarding the company’s shareholders we should present and evaluate the particular financial results (as stated in the company’s accounts) which show the company’s current financial strength but also its prospects for the future. We should also take into account that even when the financial results present a very positive aspect of a company’s financial performance, it is sometimes an issue of temporary conditions and in any case that one would proceed to the investment in a particular company, he should take into account that there is always the risk involved. In this context, Drury (2001, 222) states that risk ‘is applied to a situation where there are several possible outcomes and there is relevant past experience to enable statistical evidence to be produced fro predicting the possible outcomes’ while uncertainty ‘exists where there are several possible outcom es, but there is little previous statistical evidence to enable the possible outcomes to be predicted’. This differentiation between uncertainty and risk is practically with no particular meaning especially when the amount which is going to be invested in a specific company is significant. In this occasion there is no space for ‘uncertainty’ but it is

What Immigration Quotas Are Allowed Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Immigration Quotas Are Allowed - Assignment Example Immigration quotas are defined as barriers that restrict undesirable movement of population from one geographical region towards the other. Immigrants, wanted or otherwise, are both beneficial as well as have a negative influence on an economy. However, considering both the pros and cons of the same, countries across the globe tend to develop certain restrictions on the number of permitted immigrants existing at a given point in time in proportion to the population of the country itself (Weissbrodt, 2005). For example, a country X might form a proportion that for every 4 locals, there would be 1 immigrant, implying that if their local/domestic population is 4 million, there would be a maximum of 1 million immigrants allowed. Additionally, countries also tend to develop quotas on other countries about their maximum export of humans; for example, amongst the 1 million in the given example, the country X might decide that a maximum of 30% from Asia, and within that a maximum of 10% from India. Such obligations define the immigration quota developed by various countries to control the flow of resources and to keep other economic factors in balance such as exchange rate, the balance of payments, outflow of currency, taxes, crime rate, investments, development projects, fiscal policies, etc. This section discusses the arguments that favor the increase in immigration quotas. In the initial fold of the two-fold effect, enhancing quotas is beneficial for a society and an economy, primarily because of the fact that the quality of human resource flows in from various backgrounds and cultures, having a diversified set of skills and strengths that become beneficial for the economy in the long run. However, in the long run, immigrants tend to form lobbies which are harmful to the viability of the business.

Management and the Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Management and the Organization - Essay Example This paper also involves the discussion about the advantages that vertical integration brings for the business.In order to understand the concept of vertical integration, let us first examine the contrary concept of horizontal integration. The term horizontal integration implies an organization which is consolidated or merged with another (or other) businesses with similar activities and operations. An example of horizontal integration is the merger of two small schools. Both the organization has almost similar operations, aims, and methods. The merger of such organizations may bring economies of scale, reduced overhead expenses and so on. On the other hand, vertical integration is the concept which describes â€Å"the coordination or linkage of different units or stages of the production process† (Heshmat 2001, p.101). An example of such integration may be the consolidation or coordination of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors in order to avoid the time overlap. This kind of coordination helps in maintaining the overall lifecycle and production process of a product. It helps in identifying the true worth, life, and cost of a product. Such coordination skillfully manages the production process without any delays in getting raw material from the supplier, unnecessary delays in production or unavailability of the product when the distributor or seller needs it. Hence, companies integrate vertically in order to make their business more accurate in terms of availability, quality, and costs. Vertically integrated organizations are more reliable in terms of quality as, for instance in production businesses, the integration of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors help in maintaining the quality standards using the same quality of material every time in the production process.In conclusion, we can say that the organization may choose between the structures of the organization depending on a number of factors. These factors include but are not limit ed to the size, resources, and nature of the business. Some businesses adopt vertical integration approach owing to the benefits this approach may bring. However, the decision of opting for vertical, horizontal or some other approach depends on the advantages it brings and the ability to stand the disadvantages associated with it. Managers must think critically and weigh between the positive and negative outcomes of choosing any approach before applying it practically. The short term and long term benefits and loses must be accounted for before adopting any approach. A vertical integration approach is helpful in reducing costs but is difficult to manage. Hence, there is a need to carefully consider each aspect of business’s operations which are affected by vertical integration approach before adopting it.

Scholarship Essay Example for Free

Scholarship Essay Describe which experiences or persons have contributed to your plans to pursue a career in a health related field. (500 words) I am inspired to become a nurse because of the positive relations with nurses I have known, personal experiences, and my interest in public health nursing. Having achieved a Bachelor’s of Science degree in Health Services Administration and Urban Planning twenty-six years ago, I have gained a solid foundation and maturity to approach a nursing education and career with a new perspective. My only regret is that I did not enter nursing school sooner! First, I have had the privilege of being raised by a mother who was educated as a nurse. She had the amazing ability to lovingly and effectively juggle thirteen children in our family (yes, one family with thirteen children with my father! ). I partially attribute this remarkable skill to her training as a nurse, as I think she would agree. She not only cared for her own children but neighbors would call on her nursing skills to assess their children for a quick consult when they were ill. It was inspiring to see her put her nursing skills to work. See more: how to write a college scholarship essay format I still feel proud to this day how her compassion and knowledge as a nurse could benefit so many children while maintaining her own family. Incidentally, she was doing community nursing long before the phrase was used! Today, at the age of eighty-two years old, she continues to make â€Å"house calls† to â€Å"elderly† neighbors needing assistance with medicines and carrying out nursing skills. (see the neighbor to draw in reader more) Secondly, I had the unfortunate personal experience of seeing and caring for two sisters who lived with and eventually died from ALS (also known as Lou Gehrig Disease). I can honestly say this was not the nursing experience that is at the top of my list. Obviously, I did not have my nursing degree at the time but I quickly learned the skill of tube feeding as well as other nursing techniques out of necessity. Seeing how this devastating disease took away my sisters’ lives, has given me more reason for pursuing my nursing degree. Learning and understanding how this disease could destroy an otherwise very healthy and vibrant person motivated me to finally pursue what I knew I was meant to do a long time ago. That, of course, would be to become a nurse. I can utilize my nursing skills, exercise compassion, and ultimately contribute to the healing of body and soul of the patient. (put more heart into this and why it drew me in be nurse) Briefly describe your short-term and long-term goals related to your career. (400 words) My short term goal for pursuing a nursing degree is to contribute positively to the critical need for good public health. With an aging population and an alarming increase in obesity and diabetes, it has further prompted my interest in public health nursing. I have always been interested in community as a concept and I believe this current crisis is a community issue and problem. It is my opinion that nurses are a key factor when it comes to educating and serving the community health needs in today’s world. Due to rising healthcare costs, the public health nurse/community health nurse has the opportunity to be the most accessible, knowledgeable and affordable resource for meeting most people’s healthcare needs. My long term goal is to participate in global health issues and the prevention of disease on a global level. I would love to be a part of a team of medical providers doing field work, per say, and participate in the assessments for a population of people. It may sound idealistic yet as the world is becoming more connected to each other the need for healthcare on this level will increase even more cultures continue to change, mix and become ever more transient. My other long term goal is to reintroduce the idea of food as medicine. This concept is nothing new to a portion of the population. Yet many people are very unaware of how they can benefit from what foods they decide to add or subtract from their diet. I am well aware of currently reading about a medical doctor who took time away from her medical practice to work on a farm to learn about the benefits that farmers gain from living and working this way of life. Organic food, caring for farm animals without overcrowded and stressed living situations, and other farming methods provide so many health advantages. Being able to incorporate just a part of this into people’s lives can make a significant difference in their well-being. Why are you interested in, or have you chosen to pursue a career in, the healthcare industry? (100 words) I have chosen to pursue a career in the healthcare industry because of my combined interest in nurturing and health. I think there are many broad options one can explore when they choose a career in healthcare. Personally, a decision to pursue a career in healthcare means using many resources to improve one’s health. This would mean using traditional medical techniques combined with integrative methods. In today’s society, education is a basic need to improve areas of health in certain populations. Prevention is also a big key to solving healthcare issues. I would like to be a part of shifting the medical approach of healthcare and help people to lead health and full lives. Nursing of the past was patient driven. Nursing of the future is population driven based on healthcare initiatives. How does nursing reach greater populations? How do they interact in resolving health problems by health promotion? I would like to participate in nurturing healthcare into the community.

The Bravery And Loyalty Of Macbeth

The Bravery And Loyalty Of Macbeth People watching the play in Shakespeares time would feel that Macbeth had no fear and is precious and worthy. O valiant cousin, o worthy gentlemen. This suggests and gives people the impression that Macbeth is a brave and steadfast warrior. People would also think that Macbeth is a staggering warrior in the battle and that hes very successful and very resilient. People would also feel that Macbeth is a hammering and a successful person that needs no help therefore because of this he should be worshiped and treated as if hes the God of the universe. People also at that time would also have good views of Macbeth because he showed a lot of bravery and became undefeatable. They would also have a good conclusion about Macbeth because hes unstoppable and so no one in the area was able to prevent him from killing other people, leaving the area with dead people. People would also think that Macbeth is victorious and they would also think that the people in the battle deserved to die and that the people in the battle were as bad as a devil because it says o worthy gentlemen. This also means that Macbeth must have done something beneficial for people in such a high extent and it also suggests that Macbeth fought against whats right and bad to be in such a high rank, to be well respected by people and so the dead people deserved to die. Shakespeares uses a type a language called repetition because the word O is repeated. Also the word Valiant are nowadays archaic, which means that its less common to be used. The purpose of that type of language is to make people think twice and also gives them a reminder and it makes it more focused for the audience to understand Macbeths impression and to keep it in their mind with ease. In act one scene three the audience learn more about Macbeth, good points when he meets the witches because he shows his bravery. When he says stays you imperfect speakers, tell me more this suggests that Macbeth is powerful because hes shouting at the watches and telling the witches what to do. Imperfect speakers suggests that the witches are just making false tales up and that the witches are being untruthful and unreliable about what they are saying, as a result it makes Macbeth assume that the witches are making false tales up and that the witches are lying but hes eager to know and because he is powerful he is screeching at the witches and commanding the witches in an aggressive way to tell more about the story that Macbeth is going to be the king. Macbeth would appear in the scene with a lot of enthusiasm, excitement and with a lot of anger. When he sees the witches Macbeth would react in an enthusiastic way because the witches were telling him stories about his future. Macbeth would also find it alike about what hes hearing also he would think that theyre clowns and are just here to make false stuff up, as a result it would make Macbeth entertained. Macbeth would speak as if hes God because hes all powerful. When Macbeth says tell me more it suggests that Macbeth is angrily and desperately demanding the witches to tell him more about what theyre saying. The quote would also suggest that Macbeth at that time would move in an aggressive way and point at the witches to show and teach the witches that Macbeth is bigger, higher in rank and better and so he is to be well respected and honoured. Tell me more also suggests that Macbeth would be speaking in a cocky way. Macbeth would also be moving in a threatening way and would say s peeches like if you dont stay I will make you regret angrily to get his point across and to show that he is powerful. He would be saying all that because the witches were refusing to follow his instruction and that the witches were being very fast to try to leave the conversation. Shakespeare uses exaggeration because in the quote its written in a more of a demanding way for Macbeth. The purpose of this is to force the witches to follow what Macbeth is saying and to show that Macbeth is interested also to get the witches buzzed. In act 1 scene 3 we find out a lot more about how Macbeth feels when hes told that hes going to be the thane of Cawdor. Macbeth has become thane of Cawdor as third prediction by the witches. If chance will have me king, why chance may crown me, without my stir. This means Macbeth may become the king because the witches have also predicted this. He feels that the next the prediction that hes going to become king can also be true and he feels confused but glad at the same time. Macbeth would also feel that what he heard is true; however he wouldnt do anything to be the king. He would leave it all in luck. The quote also suggests that Macbeth isnt really self-encouraged to do anything to be the king instead he would leave it all in luck to be the king, and also he would feel that there is not point for him to stir stuff up in anyway or to fight to be the king when there is no need because he is very powerful. This is a rhetorical question, because Macbeth is asking himself that quote and the purpose of this is to make Macbeth think twice, does he think its worth it, what the consequences will be, how can he overcome?, whats the benefit etc. Similarly the purpose is like taking a move in Chess because once youve done that there are a lot to think from and it gives you a buzz, impressions and it makes you ask yourself whether its worth it or not etc. In scene 1 scene 7 Macbeth doesnt want to kill King Duncan because he says I am his kinsman and his subject, this suggests that Macbeth is very closely related to King Duncan and that Macbeth has blood relationships with King Duncan and that they both go along with each other very strongly. To clarify Macbeth is trying to say I am a cousin of the king and I will serve him. The quote also suggests that King Duncan is like a father to Macbeth and so its Macbeths duty to take care of him and treat him with great respect as if hes the slave of King Duncan. It also suggests that he cant get along with the crime as he is the kings man. The purpose of this language is to tell Lady Macbeth that Macbeth is a cousin of the king and so hes doesnt want to kill King Duncan. At the beginning of the conversation Macbeth decides not to murder King Duncan, he says we will proceed no further in this business. This means that Macbeth will not take a step to follow her instruction and that he will take no tolerance with the conversation. It also suggests that Macbeth will definitely not going to murder King Duncan and hes feeling guilty and scared of what hes planning to do and so he doesnt want to go any further. His last speech to Lady Macbeth suggests that Macbeth is prepared to kill King Duncan; he says I am settled. This means that Macbeth is prepared, certain to kill King Duncan, steady and stable to go into action and kill King Duncan. This also suggests that Macbeth will stay 100 per cent focused on King Duncan to carry out the murder; also it suggests that Macbeth will be successful due to his focuses. The purpose of this language is to tell the audience how Macbeth feels and what hes trying to say. This changes because the first reaction of Macbeth suggests that hes definitely not going to murder King Duncan and he thinks hell feel guilty, very hesitating and that hell take zero tolerance. But the last reactions of Macbeth suggests the opposite, Macbeth feels that hes 100% certain to do it, also hes eager and focused to do so. The reason why this changes because his ambition for power grows as well as being persuaded to do so. In the background Macbeth has a lot of loyalty and is honoured and well respected by others due to his bravery. He also has a lot of power and it grows dramatically and later hes very eager to become the king. Later on even though his main ambition was to become king he doesnt want to reach a stage where he thinks its bad. However his wife persuades him and argues against Macbeth, persuading him to kill King Duncan and eventually she manages to pull him to her side. Her wife uses a variety of techniques to persuade Macbeth so that he murders King Duncan. She accuses Macbeth of being a coward and soft because he doesnt want to kill King Duncan and this has an effect on Macbeth and most her speeches that she says to Macbeth is totally the opposite of what people thinks of him, and therefore it makes Macbeth feel that what her wife is saying is right, and for Macbeth in order for him to prove that Lady Macbeth is wrong he must kill King Duncan. Eventually all that stirring up that her wife does to Macbeth has an huge effect, eventually, Macbeth decides to follow her instruction and do it because Macbeth wants to prove it wrong and therefore he wants to kill King Duncan. In act 2 scene 1,the scene opens with some casual conversation which tells us that its very dark, and that something bad is about to happen. The audience must be in a way of state like as if they are watching a very horror movie; William Shakespeare made this scene scary just to match up with the killing of the king. But at the beginning of this scene it starts off with Banquo and his son Fleance in the courtyard of Macbeths castle, and Fleance is carrying a torch in this scene. Banquo asks Fleance, How goes the night, boy? Hes not asking Fleance how hes doing; hes asking how late it is. Fleance hasnt heard a clock strike, but the moon is down, so it must be past midnight. Banquo then hands his sword to Fleance, who is apparently serving as his fathers squire. Banquo also gives Fleance something else, perhaps the belt and sheath for the sword. It appears that Banquo is getting ready to go to bed, and he remarks that Theres husbandry in heaven; / their candles are all out. Husbandry i s thriftiness; Banquo means that heaven has gone to bed, and has put out its candles for the night. The moon is down, the night is starless, and there are no street lights in Macbeths castle. In short, its darker than any dark most of us have ever seen. And within this dark is fear. Banquo is dead tired and feels as heavy as lead, but hes fighting sleep because hes afraid of his own thoughts or dreams. He asks the powers above to Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature / Gives way to in repose!, but we dont know exactly what thoughts hes afraid of. A little later he says that he has dreamed of the weird sisters, so maybe hes been thinking about their prophecies. Perhaps he fears that Macbeth is planning murder. Or he might fear his own thoughts about how he might become the father of kings. Or maybe hes just been having uncanny thoughts, such as seem to creep up on us in a very dark night, when every bush can be a bear. Whatever fear it is thats keeping Banquo awake, its also made him edgy. When he sees another torch, he takes his sword from Fleance and calls out Whos there?. Logically, he should have nothing to fear within the locked gates of Macbeths castle, but he still feels the need to have his sword ready, just in case. But the main factor of this scene is when Macbeth goes in to kill the king of Scotland, and it all starts off with him preparing everything for the kill, until when the bell is rang by lady Macbeth just to make clear that theres no one there in the castle that is awake apart from lady Macbeth and Macbeth himself. The audience at this point would be shocked at Macbeth because of the go along of Macbeth with Lady Macbeth; the audience would not be in favour with Macbeth due to going to kill the king. While Macbeth is getting ready to kill the king and is waiting for the thumbs up by his wife at his quiet and peaceful castle something appears in front of him. Macbeth says: Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. This conveys that Macbeth is standing in the corridor of his castle when suddenly he discovers the floating dagger which is in front of him, he is really confused and does not know what to do, he is talking to himself saying is it a false creation of the mind or is it related to the witches, Macbeth says: A dagger of the mind, a false creation, proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?. The dagger seems to be showing Macbeth the path which he already is in he yet again talks to himself, he says: Thou marshallst me the way that I was going, and a instrument I was to use, the readers of this play would be saying that the floating dagger is from the evil wayward sisters and they are trying to push Macbeth into killing Duncan. But suddenly within seconds Macbeth looks above to see the dagger once more, he discovers that the dagger he saw earlier is not the same, he discovers that th e dagger has gouts of blood on, dipping away on the concrete floor, he says: I see thee still, and, on thy blade and dudgeon, gouts of blood, which was not so before. He follows the dagger into the hall way up the stairs leading him to the chamber of the king Duncan, where he lays in bed, with the drunken guards a sleep not knowing anything thats going on beside them. The bell of Macbeths house rang; giving Macbeth a signal from Lady Macbeth to let him know thats everything is fine. Macbeth says: I go, and it is done: the bell invites me. Hear it not, Duncan, for it is a knell that summons thee to heaven or hell, this is showing that Macbeth is ready to go and kill Duncan. Shakespeare wanted the audience to feel very sad and angry with Macbeth of what he has done in this scene and I think that this scene changed the opinions of readers likes of Macbeth to dislikes. In act 2 scene 2, Macbeth seems to find the killing regretful and bad. Ill go no more: I am afraid, to think what I have done: look ont again, I dare not. This suggests that Macbeth is a timid, terrified, angry, regretful, apologetic and guilty because he was forced and controlled and unwillingly murdered King Duncan. Look ont again, I dare not is suggesting that hes physically trying to force himself to flash back in his mind what happened but he cant because hes scared. Ill go no more: I am afraid, to think what I have done suggests that hes scared because he killed his sort of father King Duncan who he always honoured and respected, however he unwillingly he killed King Duncan and so Macbeths main aim would be to get revenge on his wife because Macbeth ended up with a lot of bad feelings and didnt want to murder King Duncan at first but he was forced to do it by Lady Macbeth and she tricked Macbeth by saying stuff like youre a coward and your weak so that Macbeth gets offended and carry out the murder. Shakespeares uses a variety of techniques. The letter I gets repeated 4 times. The purpose of this is to tell the readers how Macbeth is feeling and no one else, another of its purpose is to show that Macbeth is saying it which he is saying is more exact and that no one else is saying it. Another technique that Shakespeare uses is rhetorical question, the purpose of this is to make Macbeth think what he done and thing in which he couldve done to no do etc. The last technique that Shakespeare uses is opinion; this is a great way to let people see how Macbeth feels during that event. In Shakespeares time people were scared of witches and potions; nowadays people arent scared of witches so if it happened in a modern time people wouldnt be that scared whereas if it happened in Shakespeares time the audience would find it frightening. Appearance would have a difference people nowadays would were a robe and a wizard hat to represent that theyre witches which would make easy for the audience to identify them. In olden times they wouldnt look like this, their would be more like a tramp style, they would look ugly and dirty and it would be much harder to identify who they are, the audience would think that they are beggars and nothing else. The appearance of women also has a big difference nowadays women wears bikini, bras, and skirts whereas in Shakespeares time women wore gowns and dresses. Men would dress as women in Shakespeares time because there were no women actors because they were weak to make a suggestion whereas if it happened in a modern time there would be women actors and they would have great power. Also in Shakespeares time black magic and unusual form of magic e.g. potions, vials would be more commonly used whereas nowadays they are hardly used. The speeches would have a huge difference compared to Shakespeares time, they would use very classic words and they would speak formally in Shakespeares time would speak formally instead of slang whereas nowadays slang is more commonly used to get our message across. The use of Technology would also have a massive difference nowadays if it happened in a theatre there would be sound effects, smoke effects, and lightning effects and so on to keep spectators entertained also the performers would have a great advantage to get their message across because of loud voice due to microphone usage. The theatre would be performed live so that people can watch it. If it happened in Shakespeares time there would be no use of technology meaning that no sound effects would be used other than instruments, the audience in Shakespeares time would find i t very difficult on what the performers were saying because there would be no microphone to extend their voice and so the performers voice wouldnt be that loud, this would make the performers difficult to get their message across and also the spectators would find it hard to hear what they were saying. The acting would also have a major difference if it happened in a modern time the performers would use machine guns, laser weapons rifles etc. Whereas if it happened in Shakespeares time the performers would use swords, knifes, bows, magic etc. In conclusion of this play, I think that the play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare is one of the greatest tragic dramas the world has ever encountered. Macbeth is my favourite drama play of all time and another thing that is attracting the readers is the writers use of dramatic techniques to convey his character to the audience. I really like this play due to fascination of kings and queens and most of all the witches, I would recommend this play to other people who have not read it before, it is BRILLIANT! I think that the main cause for Macbeths actions inside the play is because of the witches who played an important role in the play to try and convince Macbeth that what the witches were telling, was the truth but also his driving ambition to become king had an effect on him because all he could think of is to become king and this driven him to the driving seat. But not only was his driving ambition of becoming king was the main cause for Macbeths actions, it was also his ve ry ambitious wife who controlled her husband into killing Duncan to become king, she had the main event in her hands and that is when lady Macbeth persuaded Macbeth to murder King Duncan. I also think that Macbeth was really brave to go along and kill Duncan, and to eventually become king but also I think that he was very stupid and gullible to actually do this because at the end of the play he dies in a painful death and that is because of his driving ambition of becoming king, due to his wife and mainly the witches. Although Macbeth was a good and a well honourable man at the beginning (for example, he was called Brave Macbeth), he made one big mistake that put him in the worst situation. Right at the beginning he was well respect and honoured by his surroundings. But at the end because he killed King Duncan because he got persuaded due to his ambition, as well as being persuaded to do so by his wife, at the end Macbeth became very disrespectful, and became very cruel because he murdered anyone surrounded by him and because of this he died in a painful death. Macbeth says I will not be afraid of death and bane, Till Birnam forest come to dunsinane. This suggests tha t Macbeth is not afraid to die, also hes saying that is England and that is Scotland and so come and get me, to the warriors. I would personally say that Macbeth is a coward because he unwillingly killed King Duncan and also because he had a free will, he couldve chose the option to reject and to not kill King Duncan. And even though Macbeth had a free choice he didnt reject Lady Macbeths instructions, so I believe he is a coward. I think that Macbeth had changed because practically he showed great respect and treated King Duncan as if its his own father and he had good views of him. But he changed because eventually because he murdered King Duncan cowardly because he was controlled by his wife to do so despite Macbeth didnt want to but he followed her instruction to murder King Duncan. He changed because he killed his own beloved King Duncan when he didnt want to; this also suggests that Lady Macbeth had influence on Macbeth and that Lady Macbeth is sly and cunning. Macbeth had great power in the background but he couldnt make use of it to reject what Lady Macbeth instructed him to do. Macbeth was weaker a nd didnt have the courage to fight or argue back with his wife. It also suggests that Macbeth was a coward because he obeyed Lady Macbeths rule when he didnt want to.

Health Effects of Occupational Exposure: Case Study

Health Effects of Occupational Exposure: Case Study A newly recruited employee at a furniture manufacturing plant has recently been complaining of cough, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Symptoms start soon after commencing work and continue throughout the day and night. They improve on the weekends but return as soon as he starts work again. What are the possible diagnoses and which is the most likely? What work-related factors could be involved? Discuss the probable occupational condition in this employee, outlining pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical picture, diagnostic measures, preventative strategies and possible outcomes. Exposure to wood dust can lead or increase the risk for cancer of the respiratory system and the gastrointestinal tract. A fourfold increase in risk for sinonasal cancer was found among men involved in the manufacture of wooden furniture, and a twofold increase in risk for gastric cancer was seen in all of the component industries of basic wood-processing (Olsen, Moller and Jensen, 1988). Therefore, such diagnosis is not a recent phenomena but the result of ongoing epidemiology research over the past decades. Prolonged or repeated exposure to air contaminants such as wood dust and other chemicals related to wood furniture manufacturing such as wood glue, wood stain and spray painting can cause irritation to the respiratory system leading to occupational health disease. Diagnosis In this case study, a newly recruited employee at a furniture manufacturing plant is complaining of cough, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Such symptoms can be diagnosed by attempting to identify what is causing this uncomfortable feeling. Symptoms start soon after commencing work and continue throughout the day and night for five days to improve on the weekends when the employee is absent from work. These symptoms re-start again when he returns to work on Monday. To diagnose such symptoms one must be aware of the possible hazards one is exposed to and by having an indication of what could be causing the distress to the employee. Kuruppuge, (1998) argues that the health effects of occupational exposure to wood dust can be summarized under five categories: toxicity (including dermatitis and allergic respiratory effects) non-allergic respiratory effects sinonasal effects other than cancer (nasal mucociliary clearance and mucostasis) nasal and other types of cancer lung fibrosis Medical diagnose will show that these symptoms are work related since symptoms started straight after employment and were not felt priory, that they improve when off from work and that they re-occur on returning back to work. This can be confirmed clinically by objective testing by taking measurements of the lungs function before and during work shift. Such testing is called Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) and will determine if such symptoms are caused by being exposed to occupational hazard at the place of work. PEF rate measurement shows how much patients can blow out of their lungs in one breath and it is useful especially when they are having a flare up of their respiratory disease such as occupational asthma (OSCE Skills, 2013). The duties assigned to this employee are unknown. However, it is irrelevant since the durance of exposure and dose amount are causing such symptoms and not the job itself. The job assigned could be a clerical one and not necessarily a trade job, but if the employee is being exposed to chemicals or wood dust, then it is the working environment that is unhealthy. Work Related Factors One of the most common toxicity manifestations from inhaled agents in industrial exposures is the irritation of the airways, resulting in breathing difficulties and even death for the exposed individual (Dallas, 2000). Being exposed to wood dust and chemicals related to wood furniture manufacturing at all stages of wood processing can cause pain symptoms which can be of a detriment to both upper and lower respiratory tract. For many years, wood dust was considered to be an irritant dust that irritated the nose, eyes, or throat, but did not cause permanent health problems (Work Place Alberta, 2009). However, epidemiology research studies show that exposure to wood dust for a long term might lead to allergies and cancer. Wood dust is a potential health hazard since wood particles from processes such as sanding and cutting become airborne. Breathing these particles for a long period of time may cause allergic respiratory symptoms, mucosal and non-allergic respiratory symptoms, and cance r. Toxic chemicals that are used for furniture manufacturing are also detriment to occupational health. These chemicals can be absorbed into the body through the skin, lungs, or digestive system and cause effects in other parts of the body. The major wood working processes are debarking, sawing, sanding, milling, lathing, drilling, veneer cutting, chipping, mechanical defibrating and wood stain or spray painting. From the tree felling stage onwards through the various stages of wood working and manufacturing processes, workers are exposed to airborne hazard. Many individuals develop asthma following workplace exposure, and some asthmatics suffer additional provocation following the inhalation of certain industrial toxins and the inhalation of wood dusts, for instance, has been implicated in both situations (Dallas, 2000). Risk Factors Wood work operations generate dusts of different particle sizes, concentrations, and compositions. Particle-size distribution studies have shown that the major portion of airborne wood dust is contributed by particles larger than 10  µm size which can be trapped effectively in the nasal passages on inhalation and for which inhalable mass sampling is mostly appropriate. Inhalable Particulate Matter (IPM) sampling is the environmental measurement which is most closely predictive of the risk of developing nasal cancer (Hinds, 1988). According to the ISO (International Standard Organization), inhalable dust is defined as the mass fraction of total airborne particles which is inhaled through the nose and mouth (ISO, 1995). Pathogenesis Clinical Pictures The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. In occupational Health, diseases and conditions of the respiratory system can be caused by the inhalation of foreign objects such as fine dust chemicals, allergens and other irritants. The human respiratory system has neutral mechanism against airborne hazards. (Dallas, 2000) explain in detail that the nose has fine hair as front line barrier filter for dust which is not greater than 5 femtometer (Fm). The trachea, also called the windpipe, filters the air that is inhaled. It branches into the bronchi, which are two tubes that carry air into the lungs. This fine dust is trapped in the nose, trachea and main bronchi and it can be cleared by coughing and by special body cells that destroy bacteria and viruses. However, dust which is finer than 5 Fm will go deeper in the lungs, reaching the bronchioles, alveolar ducts known as alveoli and settle there. These will likely to c ause hypersensitivity reactions-occupational asthma or hypersensitivity pneumonitis (inflammation of the walls of the air sacs and small airways), permanent obstructive disease and diffuse lung fibrosis which might lead to occupational asthma or cancer in the respiratory tract system. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis appears to be triggered when small particles penetrate deeply into the lungs where they trigger an allergic response (Work Place Alberta, 2009). Both (Kuruppuge, 1998) and (Dallas, 2000) describe that initial effects can develop within hours or after several days following exposure and are often confused with flu or cold symptoms (headache, chills, sweating, nausea, breathlessness, and other fever symptoms). Tightness of the chest and breathlessness often occur and can be severe. With exposure over a long period of time, this condition can worsen, causing permanent damage to the lungs. The walls of the air sacs thicken and stiffen, making breathing difficult. Occupational asthma develops only after an initial symptom free period or exposure, which causes breathing difficulties due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles. This causes a restriction in the airflow into the alveoli. Two types of allergic reaction can take place in the lungs. Decreased lung capacity is caused by mechanical or chemical irritation of lung tissue by the dust. This irritation causes the airways to narrow, reducing the volume of air taken into the lungs and producing breathlessness. It usually takes a long time to see a reduction in lung capacity. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the intersection of three related conditions such as chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, and emphysema which is a progressive disease that makes it very difficult to breathe (Zimmermann, 2012). Prevention measures to improve plants and possible outcome. In practice, there must be a distinction between the different types of wood dust and chemicals that is usually used. This is particularly the case for smaller craft businesses in Malta which the types of work and types of wood and working materials are constantly changing, and many different activities take place in a small area. The risk factor hazard should be minimized to zero and personal protective equipment should be the last resort as outlined in the European framework directive (Directive 89/391 EU, Art. 6). The employer must take all the necessary measurements to focus on the general reduction of dust levels as bound by L.N. 36 of 2003, Articles 4, 5 and 6. This objective has to be pursued regardless of the potential cancer risks as dust and chemicals carry a general risk to health, since it also influence the work flow and product quality. The employer must make a precise analysis of the existing risks and should record all the influencing factors, questioning the workers about their situation, their experiences and their proposals. On this basis, measures should be established for improving the working environment. Employees are obliged to follow all the strategic occupational health and safety procedures as outlined in L.N. 36 of 2003, Art. 15. The hierarchy of measures defined in Article 6 of the EU Directive 89/391 is as follows: a. Evaluating the risks which cannot be avoided, b. Combating the risks at source, c. Adapting to technical progress, d. Developing a coherent overall prevention policy which covers technology, organization of work, working conditions, social relationships and the influence of factors related to the working environment, e. Giving collective protective measures priority over individual protective measures, f. Giving appropriate instructions to the workers. The scope of these strategic measures is to encourage and ensure improvements in the health and safety of workers at work through the prevention of risks, the promotion and safeguard of occupational health and safety, and through the elimination of those risks and factors which are likely to cause accidents at work as outlined in L.N 36 of 2003 of the Occupational Health and Safety Act. References: Dallas, C.E. (2000). Pulmonotoxicity: Toxic Effects in the Lung in Williams, P.L., James, R.C., Roberts, S.M. (2000). Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Interscience Publication – Canada. Hinds W.C. (1988). Basis for particle size-selective sampling for wood. University of California, USA. ISO (1995). Air quality Particle size fraction definitions for health-related sampling. 1st ed. ISO 7708:1995(E). International Standard Organization, Geneva. Kuruppuge, U. A. (1998). Occupational Exposure to Wood Dust. Faculty of Medicine. University of Sydney, New South Wales – Australia. Retrieved December 19, 2013. From: http://prijipati.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/392/2/adt- NU1999.0018whole.pdf Occupational Health and Safety Act 27 of 2000. L.N. 36 of 2003 General Provisions for Health and Safety at Work Places Regulations. Olsen, J.H., Moller, H., Jensen, O.M. (1988). Risks for respiratory and gastric cancer in wood-working occupations in Denmark. Retrieved December 21, 2013. From: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3410880 OSCE Skills (2013). Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) Technique. Retrieved December 20, 2013. From:  http://www.osceskills.com/e-learning/subjects/explaining-the-peak-expiratory-flow-rate-technique/ Williams, P.L., James, R.C., Roberts, S.M. (2000). Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Interscience Publication – Canada. Zimmermann, K.A. (2012). Respiratory System; Facts, Function and Diseases. Retrieved December 21, 2013. From:  http://www.livescience.com/22616-respiratory-system.html Paul Spiteri Results Chapter: Memory Research Results Chapter: Memory Research First of all, we have to determine the appropriate measure of product involvement. Referring to our meta-analysis, involvement is considered as an endogenous variable moderating the effect of incidental advertising exposure and one of consumer characteristics. Researchers have strived a great effort to develop tools with which to measure involvement since the introduction of the concept to marketing by Krugman (1965) and although researchers agree that the study of low versus high involvement states is interesting and important, there is presently little agreement about how to best define, and hence measure, the construct of Involvement. The reasons for the diverse definitions and measures of involvement are perhaps due to the different applications of the term involvement. We are especially interested by involvement with products that has been measured by numerous methods: rank ordering products, appraising a series of products on an eight point concentric scale as to their importan ce in the subjects life, asking how important it is to get a particular brand (Zaichkowsky, 1985). Zaichkowsky scale is considered a valid measurement for product involvement (Goldsmith and Emmert, 1991), thats why previous research investigating the influence of product involvement has relied on this scale (Celsi and Olson, 1988; Chow et al., 1990). In his study published in 1992, McQuarrie confirms the strong performance of Zaichkowsky Personal Involvement Inventory (PII) across a number of validation tests. He found that this measure is exceedingly reliable and it is highly predictive of a broad range of behavioural and it is able to successfully discriminate felt involvement across several products and a variety of situations. Zaichkowsky (1985) argued that the PII is context free, which makes it appropriate for measuring various types of involvement. In conclusion to his study, McQuarrie (1992) indicated that the involvement Zaichkowsky measure can be a sufficient tool for researchers who need a short measure with high criterion validity and who can tolerate a slight decrease in reliability. Since involvement is proposed to be a variable in the decision process, the PII offers researchers a quickly administered tool, generalizable across product categories that can be used as a covariate to other research questions (Zaichkow sky, 1985). All those positive points do not deny several limitations of this measure. It is long and elaborate; needlessly difficult to comprehend thats why this scale was revised and reduced by Zaichkowsky in 1994. In our research we measure this construct by five 9 point semantic differential scales (important/unimportant, of no concern/of concern to me, irrelevant/relevant, interested/uninterested, and appealing/unappealing) (Zaichkowsky, 1994). The Zaichkowsky (1994) five items were factor analysed, using SPSS with principal component analysis and direct oblimin rotation. The rotated factor pattern consists of one factor for the preattentive processing data, and the explained variance initial solution was 27.45%. Factorial contributions of the five items are greater than .600 and the quality of representations are greater than .400 which is the minimum required. Further, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis displayed to this scale demonstrate that the internal reliability of this scale is ÃŽÂ ± =.620 which is an acceptable value. KMO and Bartlett sphericity tests were utilised for revealing the correlation degree among the items considered. The KMO index (.859) and the Bartlett test .0000 are acceptable. The fit indices achieved from the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the variable of product involvement had acceptable fit on the key indices with à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²=142.00, Goodness fit index of . 936 and root mean square of .040. (see tables IV.3 and table IV.4.). In the third experiment of Janiszewski (1993) preattentive ad processing study, 10 to 33 percent of the subjects affirmed to recognize the target advertisements. Based on Janiszewski study (1993), our study set the threshold explicit memory rate at 25% as a condition for the successful manipulation of incidental advertising. We should verify whether the manipulation scenario is feasible for the main experiment, we conduct a test with different college students (N=30). Subjects were assigned to either attentive or incidental processing conditions. In the incidental processing condition, subjects were told that there would be a test over the contents of the magazine pages to test how will they understood the contents. We explain to them that the goal of the experiment is to better apprehend the memory of consumer and the process of memorization of different information of magazine pages (See Appendix D). As we noticed from our meta-analysis in the second chapter some researchers such a s Janiszewski (1993) dressed a scenario manipulation that gave the subjects the opportunity to glance their attention surrounding the ad content and attentively process it. We are particularly conscious that some attentive processing may be a natural part of the typical consumer viewing but we retain the ensuing condition: if we have a number of subjects remembering seeing the target ads below the 25%, we consider the manipulation as successful. So to verify it, we instructed to the subjects to read the content of three magazine pages. Once finishing reading the text, subjects were asked to complete recall and recognition tests. In a free recall test, subjects were asked to list all of the brand names from banner ads that they were exposed to. Subjects dressed a list of target brand names that were coded as a dichotomous variable (yes=1 and no=0). To be sure that the manipulation of incidental processing is successful, we should be certain that subjects advertising recall rate is close to zero or smaller than that for conscious processing where subjects will be asked to consciously evaluate a magazine page and we should respect the condition of subjects advertising recognition rate in the incidental below the threshold point of 25 percent affirmed by Janiszewski (1993). We led a Chi-square tests on both recall and recognition rates. The results of our experience showed that only three subjects in the incidental processing condition recalled the target advertising (3 to 15) and five subjects in the control processin g group (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²=6.533, p= .05). Meanwhile, two out of fifteen subjects in the incidental processing condition recognized the target ad compared to 60 percent of recognition rate (9/15) in the control processing group (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² =4.8, p= .05). For the advertising recognition, rates for the incidental processing condition (13, 33 percent) are below the threshold point we set in our study. Based to these results we suggest that is appropriate to use this scenario in the main experiment. . Conclusion Based upon the results of our three pretests,  «Cookies » and  «Laptop computers » were selected as the target product categories to be used in the chief experiment. We developed the three magazine pages by a professional designer that used the software of Adobe Dreamweaver 8.0 well known in the development of web pages. For word completion tests, a list of words was selected to be used in the main experiment. Finally, the feasibility of incidental processing advertising manipulation scenario was tested and the results showed that this manipulation scenario would successfully generate a condition for incidental processing of print advertising in the main experiment. We have to mention that we tried to lead this experimentation via internet and we have sent the questionnaire to 15 subjects and finally we found that 12 subjects had detected the presence of advertising thats why we decided finally to lead this experience in laboratory in order to control the duration of exposure and to not let the subjects the chance to detect the presence of incidental banner advertising. In the next chapter, the data analysis including the exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis was led on the data seized by the questionnaires. Initially we led an exploratory factor analysis; this stage enable us to purify the items on the basis of factorial contributions by the analysis in principal components and to estimate the reliability of the dimensions retained in the light of alpha of Crombach. To assess the measurement model, our research conducts a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with reliability and constructs validity checks. To assess the overall fit of the proposed model, structural equation modelling was conducted as recommended by Anderson and Gerbing (1988). We describe in the next section the sample and manipulation check measures. In the third section, we give the different measures of the model variables and the results of purification of those measurements applying the principal component analysis (PCA). Principal component analyses with varimax rotation were conducted and factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted. The reliability of the utilised scales was checked by using the Cronbach alpha coefficient (Nunnally, 1978). Additionaly, in order to ensure the total quality of our data, we took care to validate the metric character of different measures. The measurement of Kaiser, Meyer and Olki (KMO) evaluates the degree of intercorrelation betwee n items and the test of sphericity of Bartlett which has the advantage of providing indications on the maximum number of factors to be retained. Finally, we close by an evaluation of dimensionality and validity of the measure, global, and structural model. V.2. Sample and manipulation check measures The sample is shaped by 310 undergraduate students (150 males and160 females) who participated in the experiment. The theoretical orientation of the present research is the origin of the choice of the non random sampling method. The age of subjects range from 19 to 30 with a mean of 24.4 years. In our research, students are recruited from the campus of University of Engineers EL Manar in Tunisia. No criterion has been used except the will of each subject to participate in the study. We have choosed to work with 310 for the main reason that the descriptive part of our research required a high number of participants to verify the different hypothesis. Our goal is to have a sample that is the most homogenous as possible. The part of our exploratory research does not lead to any form of generalization. It tasks rather to examine some theoretical links which are not sufficiently developed in the literature and to study the decision making processes in the context of incidental exposure to the advertising. Experimental sessions were conducted in laboratory via personal computers over twenty weeks period (from December 2010 to Mai 2011). The procedure of codification has taken three months (from June 2011 to September 2011). To be sure that subjects experienced incidental processing versus attentive (or conscious) processing of magazine advertising during the chief experiment, four manipulation check measures were employed. Objective knowledge: Eight objective knowledge questions were developed based on the contents of magazine pages. By those questions we want to know how subjects understood the contents of the magazine pages, by requesting them to choose appropriate answers from alternatives in multiple choice questions (See Appendix F). Advertising recall: To measure advertising recall, subjects were asked to cite all of the brand names from the banner ads they were exposed to during the experiment (free recall). The presence or absence of a brand name from the test (or target) ad on the subjects list was coded as a dichotomous variable (yes=1and no=0). Advertising recognition rate: Three banner advertisements including two target advertisements and one distractor (one filler) were advanced one at a time; and subjects were required to display whether they remind seeing the advertisement during the experiment. The design of the distractor is similar to those of the target advertisements. Advertising recognition was coded as dichotomous variable. Recall and recognition were measured for the purposes of the manipulation check. Familiarity and Gender: Subjects familiarity with the banner advertisements was assessed by a single nine point item anchored by very familiar and not at all familiar. We operationnalise gender as dichotomous variable; participants indicate if they are (1) male or (2) female. V.3. Evaluation of dimensionality and validity of scale measures The suggested hypothesis proposed the four main dependant variables to measure in the study: implicit memory, emotional responses, attitude toward the brand and consideration set and two independant variables: product involvement and cognitive style. V.3.1. Emotional response measure Emotional responses were assessed by SAM (Self Assessment Manikin), a nonverbal measurement of emotional response. The SAM measures the three P (pleasure), A (arousal) and D (dominance), the three dimensions of emotional responses of Mehrabian and Russell (1974). It is a non-verbal pictorial assessment technique that directly measures the pleasure, arousal and dominance associated with a persons affective reaction to a wide variety of stimuli. It represents a promising solution to the problems that have been associated with measuring emotional response to advertising (Morris et al., 1993). SAM depicts each PAD dimension with a graphic character displayed along continuous nine-point scale. For pleasure, SAM ranges from a smiling, unhappy figure; for arousal SAM ranges from sleepy with eyes. Our choice to work with SAM due to its capacity to eliminate the majority of problems associated with verbal measures or nonverbal measures that are based on human photographs. Bradley and Lang (1994) affirm that SAM was originally implemented as an interchangeable computer program and later was aggrandized to include a paper and pencil survey version for use in groups and mass screenings depicts the paper-and-pencil version of SAM elucidating its nonverbal, graphic drawing of differing points along each of the three major affective dimensions (Appendix F. ). SAM arrays from a smiling, happy figure to a frowing, unhappy figure when describing the pleasure dimension and ranges from an excited, wide-eyed figure to a relaxed, sleepy figure for the arousal dimension. The dominance dimens ion represents modifications in control with changes in the size of SAM (Bradley and Lang, 1994). In our experiment, we compare reports of affective experience obtained using SAM, which requires only three simple judgements, to the Semantic Differential scale devised by Mehrabian and Russell (1974) which requires 18 different ratings. Subjects report were measured to a series of pictures that varied in both affective valence and intensity. SAM is an economical, accessible method for immediately appraising reports of affective response in many contexts (Bradley and Lang, 1994). Further, we use this method because it is easy to administer, non verbal method for quickly assessing the pleasure, arousal and dominance affiliated with a persons emotional reaction to an event. Bradley (1994) said that SAM allows admitted rapid assessment of what arise to be fundamental dimensions in the organization of human emotional experience. Taking together, these data indicate that SAM is a useful method for measuring existing feeling states, relating them to other indices of emotional response and other processes affecting affective reactions to contextual stimuli. But before testing the hypothesis, the equivalent form reliability of the self assessment Manikin measures of emotional responses was first assessed by comparing them with the traditional Mehrabian and Russells (1972) 18 emotional measure items, since the SAM is new measure and it is never been applied to incidental processing. First, the internal consistency reliability for the three dimensions emotional responses showed that the pleasure factor had an alpha =.924, if we eliminate the item (satisfied/unsatisfied) the internal reliability of this factor increase (.925), while the Dominance factor had an alpha = .99 and finally arousal factor had an alpha .99. All alpha coefficients were within acceptable standards (Nunnally, 1978). Then, the Mehrabian and Russells (1974) 18 items were factor analyzed, Using SPSS with principal components analysis and direct oblimin rotation. The rotated factor pattern consists of three factors for the incidental processing data and the explained variance for the initial solution is .385.The Eigen values for all three factors were greater than 1, we notice that no item was cross-loaded on the extracted factors with the loadings above .500. Items combined with these loadings of .500 or higher were utilised to define the three factors pleasure, arousal and dominance. Inter-fac tor correlations are small (.052) for pleasure and arousal, (.115) for arousal and dominance, (.014) for pleasure and dominance. Therefore, a three-factor, seventeen item solution revealed the most particular and meaningful dimensions of emotional responses resulting from the unconscious processing of incidental advertising. The measure of sampling kaiser-meyer-olkin and the test of sphericity are excellent (.846 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥.800). The results of exploratory factor analysis of emotional responses scale are presented in the next table V.1. What we can notice is that there is a lack of established measures of cognitive style that can be used in persuasion context. A third somewhat popular measure of imagery is the VVQ developed by Richardson (1977) to measure individual differences on a verbal-visual dimension of cognitive style. Among the multiplicity of the proposed instruments, some of them such as: Individual differences Questionnaires (VVQ, Richardson, 1977) and Style of Processing (SOP: Childers, Houston and Heckler, 1985) represent severe limitations. In fact, Kohzevnikov (2009) reveals that the main problem of these questionnaires is their low internal reliability and poor predictive validity (Alesandrini, 1981; Boswell and Pickett, 1991).One of the main reasons for the preceding problems was that many of studies on cognitive style were rather descriptive and did not attempt to relate cognitive styles to contemporary cognitive science theories. Blazhenkova and Kohzevnikov(2009) have a lot criticized the fact tha t preceding instruments focused primarily on assessing verbal expression and fluency, there has been a demand to amplify the previous verbal assessment to other aspect of cognitive style. For this study, we use the OSIVQ scale developed by Blazhenkova and Kohzevnikov (2009). They developed a new scale based on a new theoretical model of visual-verbal cognitive style that discerns three separate dimensions: object imagery, spatial imagery and verbal as opposed to the traditional bipolar Visual-Verbal cognitive style model that distinguishes between two opposing dimensions: Visual and Verbal. Blazhenkova and Kohzevnikov (2009) affirm, after a series of experiments in laboratory, that the results of the confirmatory factor analysis displayed that the overall fit of the new three-factor model is significantly greater than that of the traditional Visual-Verbal two-factor model. A pretest was conducted where 30 participants were tested individually. They were administered the OSIVQ items with the following instructions: This is a questionnaire about the way you think. Please, read the following statements and rate each of them on a 5-point scale. Circle 5 to indicate that you absolutely agree that the statement describes you and circle 1 to indicate that you totally disagree with the statement. Circle 3 if you are not sure, but try to make a choice. It is very important that you answer all items in the questionnaire. There was no time limit for the completion of the questionnaire. With SPSS 16 we proceed to an item analysis. The obtained alpha score is .602 an acceptable value for a research instrument. We notice that items 1,3,8,9, 10, 15, 21, 24, 25,28,32,37,38,41,42 are troublesome. They had a low item total correlation and alpha would increase if we were to remove those items. In fact, their deletion would increase alpha. It is necessary to delete the ci ted items to improve the reliability score of this scale. Those results are displayed in the next table. As discussed, implicit memory is defined as an automatic and nonconscious retrieval of stimuli. However, since subjects failed to remember seeing the incidental advertisements in the preattentive processing condition; this enhanced performance of subjects implicit memory is a function of unconscious priming effects involves spreading activation with a semantic network (Marcel, 1983). Theories of spreading activation (Anderson, 1983) suggest that the perception of a stimulus such as a priming word activates internal word representations associated with that prime in memory. This activation spreads to associated representations through a network of connections. Thus for our subjects in an incidental processing condition, target words presented in word completion tests presumably have received a portion of this spreading activation due to the prior incidental ad exposure, and by merit of being more active in memory, the completion of target words are greater than those for the control g roup. And this process is believed to occur very quickly and require no mental effort (Yoo, 2005). One of the methods used to measure implicit memory effects is a word-fill task (Duke and Carlson, 1993). In such a task, participants are exposed to a target word in some form of media. For advertising research, this would likely be a brand name or logo in an advertisement. Any instructions given to the participant make no reference to the previously completed task. Often target words are placed along with foil words on the test. A word is scored as correct if it matches the target word exactly in spelling. The goal of this type of experimental measure is to examine whether priming has occurred (Andrade, 2007). Holden and Vanhuele (1999) explored the possibility of dissociations between explicit and direct measures of memory (e.g. recognition) and implicit measures of memory (response facilitation in a lexical task). They argued that incidental exposed information may result in learning effects that cannot be detected through direct measures of memory but can be uncovered with indire ct measures (Pham, 1997). Yoo (2005) says that word fragment completion tests are known to be contaminated by a conscious recollection of words during test. That is both implicit and explicit memory retrieval may contribute to overall performance on such a test (Jacoby, 1991). For this issue, Jacoby (1991) proposed the process dissociation procedure (PDP) to analyze out the effects due to explicit memory retrieval, providing an unbiased estimate of the amount of influence caused by implicit memory retrieval. This study employed word fragment completion test with PDP to estimate the effects of incidental processing on implicit memory performance. This attempt is a methodological advancement in the area of studying incidental advertising and is recommended that more studies employ this procedure. As Shapiro and Krishnan (2001) mentioned, this procedure has not yet been adopted in the area of marketing and specially in the case of incidental advertising and even if Yoo (2005) used this procedure in marketing con text but this was not in the case of incidental advertising, it was in the preattentive web banners area. Jacoby (1991) developed a more elaborate process-dissociation procedure designated to quantify the strength of conscious and nonconscious forms of memory. The procedure involves combining results from opposition (or exclusion) condition with those from an inclusion condition in which subjects are told to use old words to complete test stems(Edel and Craik, 2000) . The PDP uses two different tasks. In an exclusion task, subjects are instructed to complete word stems with words that are not presented in the advertisement. In inclusion task. Thus in the exclusion task, an increased likelihood of completing word stems with exposed words would occur only if conscious memory retrieval failed (1-C) and if memory retrieval by unconscious processing lead to a correct response. He translated this discussion into a simple equation that describes performance for exclusion tasks provide a way to estimate the separate contributions of conscious and unconscious processing. He stated formally: Exclusion task performance= (1-C) U (1) Similarly for the inclusion task Inclusion task performance=C+ (1-C) U (2) Using equations 1 and 2, C and U can be obtained easily by simple algebra C=Inclusion Task Performance-Exclusion Task Performance and (3) U=Exclusion Task Performance/ (1-C) (4) Where performance is measured by the proportion of correctly completed words in the word completion test. Yonelinas and Jacoby (1994, 1995) used a variation of the original procedure. Instead of using two different instructions (exclusion/ inclusion) in a test, subjects were asked to determine whether each word presented was part of the incidental advertising during the experiment in this study. Referring to the results of our second pretest 13 words were chosen for the main experiment. Among them 10 word appeared in the Web magazine pages and the other words (distracters did not appear in target pages). Subjects are asked, Did this word appeared in the web advertising during experiment? when presented with 13 words (target and distracted words). Thus Yes responses for the words were taken as measures of inclusion tasks and No as measures for exclusion task performance. From each subjects response, the preattentive and conscious components were estimated. For instance, if a subject correctly identified three of the five target words (60%) in the inclusion task and two of the five target words (40% in the exclusion task), the extent of the conscious advertising influence, as given in equation 3, would be .60-.40=.20, while the extent of influence of preattentive processing [.40/ 1-.20] = .50 as given by equation 4. In our study and in order to not prime the stimulus, implicit memory was assessed before the explicit memory measures. V.3.4. Attitude toward the advertised brand measure Attitude toward the advertised brand is one of the most frequently utilised measures of effectiveness. Traditionally, attitude toward the brand as affective responses to ads has been a popular indicator for measuring the effectiveness of advertising in traditional media contexts. Most researchers examining attitude toward the brand agreed, implicitly or explicitly, on the importance of affective responses to the ad as an indicator of advertising effectiveness. Subjects were asked to evaluate each advertising on three nine-point bipolar items: positive/negative, good/bad and favourable/unfavourable (Gardner, 1985; Mackenzie, Lutz and Belch 1986, Mackenzie and Lutz, 1989). The items to measure the attitude toward the brand are three in number. Exploratory factor analysis was then conducted to determine As Shapiro et al. (1997) did we used the verbal checklist of brand names to measure the brand consideration set. This verbal checklist includes the brand names of ten product alternatives in each category. All ten brand names were real ones, to delete potential confounding effects from prior knowledge or attitude toward the existing brands. We present the brand names in an arbitrary order and no information other than brand names was administered. Two stimulus based consideration set checklists were developed, based on the two product categories used in the experiment (See Appendix E.). We present just the brand names with no other information. We pose the ensuing question to each subject Check the names of the brands that you would be interested in trying. Please checkmark as many or as few names as you wish. This technique is similar to used by Yoo (2005) .The consideration set size was also accounted by enumerating the number of examinated brand names and the presence or absence o f the target brand names (consideration composition) was recorded. V.4. Estimation of the quality of the model using confirmatory analysis Before verifying the hypothesis it is recommended that, in addition to the purification of different measures, to verify the validity of measuring instruments using factor analyzes. This is possible with the structural equations modeling. The evaluation of a model is to assess the quality fit of the theoretical model to empirical data. This analysis is carried out in several stages to the course of which adjustment is valued successively for: the global model, the measurement model and structural model (Kline, 1998). For a pragmatic picture of the underlying relationships that exist among these variables to emerge, an investigation for the proposed model with the structural equations modelling approach is needed. This extension of analysis is offered to add to the growing body of literature that specifies the interrelationships between these variables. The chief reason why we use this method is that there is greater recognition given to the efficacy and the dependability of observed scores from measurement instruments. Precisely measurement error has become a major error issue in many disciplines and structural equation modelling techniques explicitly take measurement error into account when statistically analyzing data (Adelaar et al, 2003). Analysis of Moment of Sample (AMOS v.19) a tool of SPSS (v.18) was used as analytical means for testing statistical assumptions and estimation of the measurement and structural equations models are described in the following sections of the study (Arbuckle, 2010). The conceptual model presented in the figure 3.1. was tested using structural equation modelling. The modelling was undertaken by deploying covariance matrix and the maximum likelihood estimation procedure. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was the convenient choice of analytic techniques available to test the theoretical model that was proposed a priori. Structural equation modeling, using the maximum likelihood estimation procedure, is a packed information technique in that all model parameters are appraised simultaneously and a change in one parameter during the iteration process could result in a change in other parameters of the model (Diamantopoulos and Siguaw, 2005). V.4.1. The adjustment of the global model A parsimonious fit measure was used to diagnose whether model fit has been achieved by over fitting the data with many coefficients. The model fit was measured using the chi-square statistic, the route mean square of approximation (RMSEA), the standardised route mean square residual (SRMR), the non-normed fit index (NNFI) and the comparative fit index(CFI). The root mean square error of approximation is usually regarded as the most informative fit indexes. Values less than .05 are indicative of good fit and between .050 and under .080 of reasonable fit. Likewise the smaller the standardized root mean square residual (SMRS) the better the model fit (Kelloway, 1998). There are several goodness-of-fit measures that can be used to assess the outcomes of a SEM analysis. Those fit indices are provided by AMOS (v19.) (Golob, 2003). Frequently, used measures include the root meant square error approximation (RMSEA), which is based on chi-square values and measures the discrepancy between observed and predicted values per degrees of freedom( a good model has an RMSEA value of less than .050), the comparative fit index (CFI); which compares the proposed model with a baseline model with no restrictions( a good model should exhibit a value greater the .090) ; the consistent Araike information (CAIC), which compares the model fit with the d